情态动词表示“可能”、“必须”等意义，但不能单独作谓语，必须与另一动词原形构成谓语，一般没有人称、数的变化。

1．can, could（能）

表示一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态，有时也能表示将来时。所有其他时态（包括将来时）须用to be able 加动词不定式来表示。

①What can I do for you?我能为你做什么吗？

②It surely can't be eleven o'clock already. 不可能已经十一点钟了。

③We were sure that he could pass the test.我们肯定他能通过测试。

④Will you be able to finish the chemical experiment today? 你今天能做完这个化学实验吗？

⑤The seventy-year-old man has been able to swim in the ocean in winter for twenty years.这位七十岁的老人冬天能在海里游泳已经有二十年的历史了。

2．may

①May I come in?我可以进来吗？（表示允许或请求）

②You may go now.你现在可以走了。

●may表示允许的否定形式是must not（“不应该”、“不许”）。

③----May I take this book home? ----No, you mustn't.我可以把这本书拿回家吗？——不行。

④She may not go to the library tonight.

今晚她可能不去图书馆了。（表示说话人的猜测，认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。）

⑤The news may or may not be true.消息也许是真的，也许不是真的。（猜测）

●may用在感叹句中可表示祝愿、愿望。如：

⑥May you succeed.祝你成功。

3．might(might为may的过去式)

①Mr. Li said he might visit Cambridge University.李先生说他可能去参观剑桥大学。

●might也可代替may，表示现在时间的动作，但语气较委婉，客气或更加不肯定。

②Might I use this phone?我可以用这个电话吗？

③The singing star might not come today.今天歌星也许不来了。

4．must必须，应当

①You must get to the airport before nine o'clock. 你必须在九点以前到达飞机场。

②Your homework must be clear and complete.你的作业应当清楚完整。

③He must be in the reading room now.他现在准是在阅览室。（表示说话人对事物的推测）

④She must be writing a letter to her mother.

她现在一定在给她妈妈写信。（must加动词不定式进行时也可表示对现在发生的动作的推测，表示“一定”或“准是”的意思。）

⑤The road is wet. It must have rained last night.

马路湿了，昨晚一定下雨了。（must加动词不定式的完成式，说明对过去事物的推测，表示“一定”或“准是”的意思。）

●两种否定式的比较

must not表示“不应该”、“不许可”，语气比较强烈。如：

We mustn't waste our time.我们不应该浪费我们的时间。

need not（不必）表示must在意义上的否定。如：

Must we clean our classroom today?----No, you needn't.我们必须今天清扫教室吗？——不，不必。

5．have to（不得不，必须）

①To launch satellites into space, we have to use big powerful rockets.要把卫星射入太空我们必须得使用巨型强力火箭。

②There is no bus to the village and we have to walk there.没有到那个村子的公共汽车，我们必须步行去那里。

6．need需要

用于疑问句及否定句，单数第三人称不加-s，后接动词原形。（在肯定句里既可用做情态动词又可用做实义动词。当用做实义动词时，单数第三人称加-s，并有时态变化。）

①Need we go to the factory on foot?我们今天需要步行去工厂吗？

②You needn't do your homework in class. You may do it after class. 你不必在课堂上做作业，你可以课后做。

●needn't后加动词的完成式时，指过去已做了但不需做的动作。

③You needn't have bought the new watch, as the old one could be repaired.你本可以不必买只新表，因为旧表能修好。

④You needn't have brought your umbrella． It is going to be clear up.你本可以不必带伞，天就要晴了。

●didn't have to和didn't need to表示过去未做也不需做的动作。如：

⑤I didn't have to help her with her mathematics, for she is good at math.我没有必要帮她数学，她擅长数学。

⑥She knew the way to the library, so you didn't need to show her the way.她知道去图书馆的路，所以你没有必要给她指路。

7．should应当

①You should listen to your father's advice.你应当听你爸爸的话。（表示“劝告”、“建议”）

②The doctor should be here by now.医生现在可能到了。（表示“预测”、“可能”）

③She should be on campus.她应当在校园里。（表示“预测”、“可能”）

④Why should I leave?我干吗要离开？（表示“不满”、“惊奇”）

●should后跟动词不定式的完成式时，这时句子指的是过去的事情。如果是肯定句，说明事情本应完成而未完成；如果是否定句表示发生了不应当发生的事情。如：

⑤ The little boy shouldn't have eaten the apple without washing it first.这个小男孩不应当不洗苹果就吃。

⑥You should have worked hard earlier.你早就应当努力学习了。

●should的语气比must轻，可用于各人称。

8．ought to 应当，总该

语气比should重，比must轻，表示有“义务”或“必要”做某件事，还可表示“劝告”等。

①You ought to practice more.你应该多练习。

②You ought not to stay up too late.你不应该熬夜太晚。

③Your grandpa oughtn't to drink so much.你爷爷不应当喝大多的酒。

●ought后加动词不定式的完成式时，指过去的动作。肯定形式（ought to have done）表示某件事应当做而未做，相当于should have done。否定形式（ought not to have done），则表示一件不应该做的事情发生了，相当于should not have done。如：

④ I was fined. I ought to have returned these books to the library last month.我被罚款了，我上个月就应当把这些书还给图书馆。

⑤You oughtn't to have got up so late.你不应该起这么晚。

9．will表示“意志”、“意愿”和“决心”等，可用于各种人称

①He will come to see you next Sunday.下个星期天他将来看你。

1.         语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主谓之间的关系。语态分为主动语态和被动语态。

2.         把主动语态变成被动语态，是把助动词be变为主动态，动词原来的时态，再加上主要动词的过去分词。主动态，动词的主语这时变成被动态动词的施动者。这个施动者常常被提到。可置于by之后或放在从句的后面。

This chair was made by my father.

3.  各个进行时态的被动态，要求用be的进行时加上主要动词的过去分词，be的这种进行时形式在其他方面很少使用。

    主动态：They are repairing the bridge.

    被动态：The bridge is being repaired.

    主动态：Thery were carrying the injured player off the field.

    被动态：The  injured player was being carried off the field.

4.  助动词+动词原形结构可借助被动式来构成被动语态：

主动态： You must \should shut these doors.

被动态： These doors must\should be shut.

表示喜欢、热爱、希望、想要及与其相似意义的动词+宾语+不定式，由不定式的被动式结成其被动语态。

主动态：He wants someone to take photographs.

被动态：He wants photographs to be taken .

表示命令、请求、劝告、邀请的动词+间接宾语+不定式，可用主动词的被动式来构成被动语态：

主动态：He invited me to go.

被动态：I was invited to go.

但是，如果是advise\beg\order\recommend\urge +间接宾语+不定式+宾语的结构，则可以构成两种被动语态：

主动态：He urged the Council to reduce the rates.

被动态：1 The Council was urged to reduce the rates.

        2 He urged that the rates should be reduced.

至于agree\be anxious \be determine\decide\demand +不定式+宾语，则通常用that ----should 的结构表示被动，同上第二种方式：

主动态：He decided to sell the house.

被动态：He decided that the house should be sold.

5.  被动态通常用于以下各种情况：

动作的实施者很明显，没有必要提到时：

The streets are swept every day.

不知道，不确定或忘记了谁是施动者时：

The minister was murdeded.

主动动词的主语是人们时：

He is suspected of receiving stolen goods.

对所做的事情比对做事的人更感兴趣时：

The house next door has been bought (by a Mr.Jones)

使用被动语态，可避免说出别扭或不合语法的句子时：

When he arrived home a detective arrested him.

最好表示为：When he arrived home he was arrested(by a detective).

6.  用 have  +宾语+过去分词表示被动关系：

7.  用在被动语态后面的不定式通常带  的不定式，尽管主动态动词后面可能带的是不带    的不定式：

    主动态：We saw them go out.
被动态：They were seen to go out

    主动态：He made us work.

    被动态：We were made to work.

然而，惟独let的被动态后面的不定式不带to :

    主动态：They let us go.

被动态：We were let go.

8.  注意英语中有些情况不能用被动语态：

1) 所有的不及物动词和某些短语，如：

happen \enter\break out \belong to \date from\lose heart\take place

2) 某些动词形态上是助动结构，但却表示被动意义，如表示状态特征的系动词：

look\ feel \smell\ taste\ sound\prove\appear等

The idea sounds interesting.

Good medicine tastes bitter.

又如某些可以与easily ,well等副词连用的动词。

Read\sell\write\wash\clean\weigh\measure\wear

The cloth washed easily.

This kind of goods sells well.

3) 有些动词形式上是被动的，但意义却是主动的，如：

He is seated on a bench.

He is engaged in research.

9. 下列句型常用被动语态：

He is said that –       据说——

He is believed that—   人们相信——

He is hoped that –      人们希望——

He is well known that--  ---众所周知——

Practice:

1.       Nowadays Chinese food ___ to be the healthiest one in the world.

    A. considers    B. is considered   C. will consider       D. will be considered

2.       All the preparations for the task ____, and we are ready to start.

A. completed    B. complete     C. had been completed  D. have been completed

3.       Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour.

A. pay         B. paying       C. paid               D. to pay

4.       --You’ve made great progress in your studies of English, haven’t you? – Yes, but much___

A. remains to do  B. is remained to do  C. remains to be done D. is remained to be done

5.       I ____ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

A. gave   B. was given   C. was giving   D. had given

6.       ----Have you moved into the new house?  -----Not yet, the rooms _____.

A.      are being painted   B. are painting   C. are painted      D. are being painting

7.       Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will ___fresh for several days .

A.      be stayed  B. stay  C. be staying  D. have stayed

8.       The reporter said that the UFO ____east to west when he saw it .

A.      was travelling  B. travelled  C. had been traveling  D. was to travel

9.       The price___, but I doubt whether it will remain so.

A. went down    B. will go down   C. has gone down   D. was going down

10.   A railway ____between the two cities at present.

A. built   B. has built    C. are building   D. is being built

11.   The thief ____by a policeman in plainclothes.

A.      has been closely watching           B. watches closely

C. has closely watched                 D. is being closely watched

12.   It____to us for many years that the moon has no air.

A. has been known   B. are known   C. knows    D. has known

14.When you come to our college again, a new building_____.

A. will have built   B. will be building  C. will build  D. will have been built

15.He ___in the countryside but he ____in the city.

A.      is born ;was brought up          B. was born ; was brought up

C.      born ;brought up               D. is born ;brings up

16.All the traffic _____as a road accident _____.

A.      was held up ;was occurred           B. was held up; had occurred

C. was held up ;has occurred             D. held up;  occurred

17. When the bank ____three weeks ago, the police were there waiting for the  robbers.

A. were broken into     B. has been broken into

C. had been broken into  D. was broken into

18.That house is very dirty. You can see it ____for quite a few days .

A. isn’t cleaned      B. hasn’t been cleaned

C. wasn’t cleaned    D. hadn’t been cleaned

19.The appointment _____some other time. It is raining hard.

A. should have made            B. should have been made

C. must have been making        D. may make

20.I told the lady that the seat _____already.

A. had taken      B. took     C. was taken    D. had been taken

NMET：

1. 1. If city noises ____ from increasing，people ____ shout to be heard even at dinner．

　　A． are not kept；will have to        B． are not kept；have

　　C． do not keep；will have to        D． do not keep；have to

2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are ____and perfected now.

　　A. developed                       B. have developed

C. are being developed                 D. will have been developed

3. --- ____ the sports meet might be put off．  --- Yes，it all depends on the weather．

A． I've been told   B． I've told     C． I'm told       D． I told

4. I need one more stamp before my collection ___.

　　A. has completed       B. completes  C. has been completed   D. is completed

5. Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.    A. cut       B. are cut    C. are being cut    D. had been cut

6. The new suspension bridge ___ by the end of last month.

　　A. has been designed  B. had been designed  C. was designed  D. would be designed

7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.

　　A. breaks    B. has broken   C. was broken   D. had been broken

8. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.

　　A. have been taken place; have been set up 　B. have taken place; have been set up

　　C. have taken place; have set up           D. were taken place; were set up

9. That suit __ over 60 dollars.

　　A. had cost     B. costed    C. is cost    D. cost

10. --- Look! Everything here is under construction.--- What’s the pretty small house that __ for?

　　A. is being built     B. has been built      C. is built   D. is building

11.--- Do you like the material?   --- Yes, it ___ very soft.

　　A. is feeling        B. felt               C. feels    D. is felt

12. It is difficult for a foreigner ____ Chinese．

　　A． write         B． to write    C． to be written D． written

13. I have no more letters ____ ，thank you．

　　A． to type        B． typing     C． to be typed  D． typed

14. Take care! Don’t drop the ink on your shirt, for it __ easily.

　　A. won’t wash out   B. won’t be washed out  C. isn’t washed out  D. isn’t washing out

15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ___.

　　A. be put up       B. give in    C. be turned on      D. go out

16. The computers on the table ___ Professor Smith.

　　A. belongs       B. are belonged to   C. belongs to   D. belong to

17. --- What do you think of the book?  ---Oh, excellent. It’s worth ___ a second time.

　　A. to read       B. to be read       C. reading          D. being read

18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ___.

A. catching      B. to be caught   C. being caught   D. to catch

19. This page needed ___ again.

　　A. being checked  B. checked   C. to check        D. to be checked

20. ___ many times, the boy still didn’t know how to do the exercises

A. Having taught  B. Having been taught   C. taught   D. Teaching

答案：1---5   BDCCA    6---10 BABAC

1.Nobody but Jane ____ the secret.

A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known (86)

2.All but one _____ here just now.

A. is B. was C. has been D. were (87)

3.Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another.

A. is B. are C. am D. be (89)

4.A library with five thousand books _______ to the nation as a gift.

A. is offered B. have offered C. are offered D. has offered (90)

5.When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.

A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided (91)

6.The number of people invited ____ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for different reasons.

A. were , was B. was , was C. was , were D. were , were (96)

7._____ of the land in that district _____ covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth , is B. Two fifth , are C. Two fifths , is D. Two fifths , are (2000)

8.This is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.

A. have B. has C. have been D. has been

9.Between then two rows of trees _____ the teaching building.

A. stand B. stands C. standing D. are

10.All that can be done______.

A. has been done B. has done C. have done D. were done

11.They each _____ a new dictionary.

A. has B. have C. is D. are

12.The singer and the dancer ______ come to the meeting.

A. has B. have C. are D. is

13.I have finished a large part of the book ; the rest _____more difficult.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

14.The wounded _______ by the hospital.

A. have been taken in B. has been taken in C. have taken in D. has taken in

KEYS: 1-5 BDBAA 6-10 CCCBA 11-14 BBAA

实义动词

1） 及物动词

a.动词后要求有宾语，否则意思不完整的动词。及物动词可有被动结构。

1．  She studies English very hard.

2．  I always review my lessons in the evening.

b. 及物动词的另两种结构

及物动词中有少数动词要求一个宾语（直接宾语）外，还要求有一个宾语（间接宾语），才使句意完整。这类动词有：leave, show, bring, lend, teach, give, tell, hand, write等。

I’ll tell you a story about Leifeng.

还有少数动词要求一个宾语外，还要求有一个补足语来使句意完整。这类动词有：name, call, get, have, find, turn, think, consider等。

They call him Lao Wang.

2) 不及物动词

不及物动词指不可带宾语的动词，也不可用于被动语态。

1.       The sun rises in the east.

2.       He came last month.

3.       They go to school every day.

3)连系动词

连系动词只起连系作用，虽有词义但不能单独作谓语，后必须加表语一起构成谓语。

常用的连系动词有： appear, become, fall, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。

1.       She felt a bit tired.

2.       He kept silent at the meeting.

注：连系动词不可与副词连用。

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